A Prince Among Slaves

We have come to the edge of the Mississippi, to the town of Natchez. We are lured here by a story that is simply too good to ignore.

It tells of Abdul-Rahman ibn Ibrahim Sori was a Fulani Muslim ruler (Emir) born in 1762 in the city of Timbo, now located in Guinea. His father, Almami Ibrahim Sori consolidated the Islamic confederation of Futa Jallon in 1776, with Timbo as its capital, where Abdul Rahman lived and studied. 

"He was learned in the Islamic sciences and could speak at least 4 different African languages, in addition to Arabic and English, and in 1781, after returning from study in the renowned city of learning-Timbuktu, Abd'r-Rahman joined the armies of his father. 

At age 26, he was made an Emir of one of the regiments that conquered the lands of the Bambara and in 1788 his father "made him the head of a 2000 men army whose mission was to protect the coast and strengthen their economic interest in the region. It was during this military campaign that Abd'r-Rahman was captured and enslaved.”  

He was sold to the British who brought him to Natchez, Mississippi where he labored on the cotton plantation of Thomas Foster for more than thirty-eight years before gaining his freedom. In 1794 he married Isabella, another slave of Foster's, and eventually fathered a large family: five sons and four daughters.

By using his knowledge of growing cotton in Futa Jallon, Abdul-Rahman rose to a position of authority on the plantation and became the de facto foreman. This granted him the opportunity to grow his own vegetable garden and sell at the local market. During this time, he met an old acquaintance, Dr. John Cox, an Irish surgeon who had served on an English ship, and had become the first white man to reach Timbo after being abandoned by his ship and then falling ill. 

Cox stayed ashore for six months and was taken in by Abdul-Rahman's family, where he was tasked to teach Abdul-Rahman English. Cox appealed to Foster to sell his "Prince" so he could return to Africa. However, Foster would not budge, since he viewed Abdul-Rahman as indispensable to the Foster farm. Dr. Cox continued, until his death in 1829, to seek Ibrahim's freedom, to no avail. After Cox died, his son continued the cause to free Abdul-Rahman.

In 1826, Abdul-Rahman wrote a letter to his relatives in Africa. A local newspaperman, Andrew Marschalk, who was Dutch, sent the letter to United States Senator Thomas Reed from Mississippi, who was in town at the time, and Reed forwarded it to the U.S. Consulate in Morocco. Since Abdul-Rahman wrote in Arabic, Marschalk and the U.S. government assumed that he was a Moor. After the Sultan of Morocco Abderrahmane read the letter, he asked President Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay to release Abdul-Rahman. In 1829, Thomas Foster agreed to the release of Abdul-Rahman, without payment, with the stipulation that he return to Africa and not live as a free man in America.

Before leaving the US, Abdul-Rahman and his wife went to various states and Washington, D.C. where he met with President Adams in person. He solicited donations, through the press, personal appearances, the American Colonization Society and politicians, to free his family back in Mississippi. Word got back to Foster, who considered this a breach of the agreement. Abdul-Rahman's actions and freedom were also used against President John Quincy Adams by future president Andrew Jackson during the presidential election.

After ten months, Abdul-Rahman and Isabella had raised only half the funds to free their children, and instead left for Monrovia, Liberia, without their children. He lived for four months before contracting a fever and died at the age of 67. He never saw Fouta Djallon or his children again.

The funds that Abdul-Rahman and Isabella raised only bought the freedom of two sons and their families. They were reunited with Isabella in Monrovia. Thomas Foster died the same year as Abdul-Rahman. Foster's estate, including Abdul-Rahman's other children and grandchildren, was divided among Foster's heirs and scattered across Mississippi and the South. Abdul-Rahman's descendants still reside in Monrovia and in Natchez Mississippi United States. In 2006, Abdul-Rahman's descendants gathered for a family reunion at Foster's Field.

In the boondocks...and loving it

Peace and calm is everywhere in the Homochitto National Forest.

We’re in the boondocks of Mississippi and loving it. Homochitto National Forest is an old-growth forest, with pine trees stretching 140 feet into the sky, magnolias and oaks and a campground that’s a little piece of heaven. There are three other campers in our section of the forest. We have 50-amp electric and water on a flat piece of land. And we pay $13 a n­­­­­­­­ight. No one needs more than this!

We’re about forty miles east of Natchez on the Mississippi River and we’re pretty isolated – no internet, very marginal telephone service and a little lady who met us at the end of a four-mile road into the forest. She’s a volunteer who has been here all winter in her splendid isolation. She told us the best places to

park for a couple of nights.

We wandered down to the edge of Clear Springs on our first evening, sitting in the golden light of a setting sun. A pair of locals were fishing for brim, with a fallen branch in the spring that carried about 30 turtles. Sun glittered off the water and through the bullrushes, with spring busting out all around us. Blossoming trees – dogwoods, azaleas - and fragile little white violets and bluets glowed in the final hour of sunlight. We’re in heaven.

We can pick up NPR radio for Mississippi but not much else. And that’s just fine.

We’d driven a long day from Alabama where we stayed a couple of nights in Escapees Summerdale Plantation  Park. This is a huge development with a massive community hall where we joined the other residents for a chili and chicken dinner. All services are available there – with the exception of the swimming pool. This huge pool has been closed for the winter because the solar-powered heating system i­s broken, resulting in water that was too chilly for the old geezers.

On our way to Summerdale, we found our Honda Fit, which we tow behind the motorhome, refused to start when we pulled into a rest area. We got a lithium-ion jumpstart from a fellow traveler out of Montreal. An hour later, when we pulled off the interstate at a Walmart so we could purchase our own battery jumper, we park alongside the same Canadian couple. He asked if we wanted another jump!

We purchased our new lithium ion jumper and, when we returned to the rig, we opened the box. Oh-oh. The box was empty. We returned to the store to complain that we’d just spent $74 for an empty box. The manager was suspicious but issued us a credit and we found a box with the proper battery inside it. We were thankful that we hadn’t driven off down the road with our empty box.

Facing the Unknown

Our 40-foot motorhome awaits its first launch in 15 months.

It has been 15 months since I came face to face with my first days of battle against the cancer that appeared in my body without any real warning. Oh, I had aches and pains when we volunteered at the National Wildlife Preserves in Long Island two years ago. But I thought, at the time, that I was just beginning to feel my age.

But now we are ready to re-launch our wandering after my bemused oncologist, Manjesh Lingamurthy, gave us the go-ahead to put our motorhome in gear and wander.

We begin this Saturday by taking our first baby step. We’ll leave our home base in Wauchula, Florida, and drive the motorhome over the Tampa Bay Bridge. It’s only a journey of about 2.5 hours. But it follows the pattern we have followed all our lives, even when we lived aboard our many sailboats.

We have always liked the practice of cutting our umbilical cord and setting out ... but not going too far. We used to leave on our boat, clear the marina, head downstream and then drop our anchor after two hours. That allowed us the act of separation. It also permitted us to get over the jitters of leaving the land, relaxing for the night and then striking out for a more distant shore.

Aboard the motorhome, it’s no different. We’ll drive to Seminole, Florida, and park on a quiet street. We’ll visit with two dear friends for the night. And then, on Sunday morning, we’ll launch our rig, car attached at the back, and head north toward Tallahassee, in Florida’s panhandle.

Our plans are to head on to Louisiana where we plan to have some work done on the rig by a superb   motorhome mechanic that we have used in the past. Then we wander south into Texas where we plan to meet up with our oldest granddaughter, Cassandra. She has asked for Jo’s help in adjusting her mother’s wedding dress so she can wear it at her own wedding in August.

Westward-ho to Fredericksburg, TX, where we plan to spend 10 days at a gathering of Alfa Motorhome owners. I liken it to salmon coming all the way upriver to meet their own kind...but we won’t be spawning, of course.

This will be where we check on my blood so my oncologist can keep connected with me by analyzing all the platelet counts. We’ll be using Quest Diagnostics as we wander America. We plan to stop for testing each month. In addition, we have to plan our itinerary so we can arrange to have my Revlimid anti-cancer drug delivered by Fedex along the route . This is a really nasty drug, that I’m required to take every other day to keep my multiple myeloma at bay. Even though my doc says I’m in remission, I have to take the drug for the rest of my life. It certainly beats the alternative!

Revlimid, you might be interested in knowing, formerly was called Thalidomide. If you’re old enough, you might remember, in the 1960s, this was given to pregnant women who were having difficulties with viability of the fetus. Its downside: babies were born with flippers instead of arms, among other horror stories.

When I get my Revlimid supply each month, I have to listen to a nurse who tells me I MUST NOT  allow a pregnant woman to come in contact with the drug. I also am warned that I need a full-body condom to have sexual relations with a woman of child-bearing age! That’s only a slight exaggeration !

All these check-ins add complications to our journey. But it surely beats the alternative!

We invite you to join our journey as we continue on our endless journey of discovery.

The war ahead

Left picture shows the area of action. These are high-contrast MRIs.

Let me set the scene for you. We are floating over the flatlands of Florida. My enemy is perfectly clear about its goals: kill me. My enemy is cancer. plasmacytoma, to be precise. It’s been likened to leukemia in my spinal blood.

I , on the other hand, am not defenseless. As we float over the battlefield, I look down at the fighters I have arrayed on my side. They are formidable.
My primary general at this moment is my oncologist. She has the responsibility for marshalling her forces and bringing to bear some pretty incredible artillery. Dr. Mary Koshy didn’t show up on my radar until I had been sent to Dr. Tiesi, a spinal surgeon. I’d been referred to him after spending six months being is severe pain. I came to fear sneezing because it felt as though my entire ribcage would shatter from the pain that accompanied every sneeze.

He had ordered MRIs on my thoracic spine and didn’t like what the pictures showed - little hairlines of blood intertwined all through my spine. He also saw that an old back injury in my T-6 vertebrae had essentially collapsed.
Dr. Tiesi suggested I go under general anesthetic so he could two things: he had a way to build a superstructure to allow him to rebuild the T-6. And then, while poking around in there, he planned to pull out material from my T-10 that could be biopsied.

The worst part of all this, was the general anesthesia. I’ve long known that this is the closest we get to moment of death. This is where lives hang on a tiny golden thread. And this was pretty debilitating. I suffered with  nausea, along with a complete upset of my bowels and my urinary tract.

After ten days of radiation therapy in which the oncologist 's staff created a customized cradle for my body that locked my torso in place while the great orbiting guns twirl around me, finding the ultra-precise locations for their magic bullets. All I do is hang in my cradle, hopping I'll be able to bring down my arms from behind my head before they atrophy

Way over to the left, I have another key soldier. He will be in charge of my chemotherapy. I have yet to meet him but he will ultimately hold the nuclear attack codes and we bring him and his big guns out at the end. Dr. Koshy, my oncologist, explained his role pretty succinctly. "Think of my role with radiation as one in which I precisely aim my pistol and fire my weapon at individual cells in your body. I can hit targets and blast them back to the stone age. But the chemo doctor will be detonating nuclear bombs in your body. He's very important. He's debilitating. But we won't get through this without him."

My primary care physician is the gatekeeper to keep all these moving parks from grinding to a bureaucratic halt. Dr. Vishal Sharma interfaces with my insurance company and none of these specialists get past his door without his recommendation. He is my advocate and I'm glad he's on my side.

I have a band of angels and foot soldiers strategically positioned all over the world. They are you. I want to tally up those troops because they are so important in the fight. Of course we have a treasure trove of friends in the U.S. and Canada. But there are these special folk who touched my life as Jo and I circumnavigated the globe earlier in our retirement. They are Vietnamese, Laotian, Burmese, Pakistani, Indian, Sri Lankan, Nepalese, Bhutanese, German, Cambodian, Namibian.

My most important general - at the very top of the heap - is Jo. She is the rock where I can think through positions, test assumptions, question and second-guess this maelstrom in which I find myself. She looks at the field with me and sees where all the players are positioned, how we get to them. She manages nutrition and energy. She is a jewel beyond price.

I invite you to come along on this journey with me. I have no ideas if I'll come out the other side without fatal wounds. But I do not fear death for I have lived a spectacular life.

A Birder's Paradise

A bobcat checks out my nature camera in the early morning at Anahuac Refuge.

It's the end of the road for us here at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge in Anahuac, Texas. We leave this weekend after a unique series of experiences. The astonishing – that's the only adjective I can use – number of birds we have seen almost defies belief. The endless, unremitting winds that sweep across the prairie and the rice fields wore on us and flogged the awning above the slide-outs of our motorhome. The joy of meeting birders who make the journey to Anahuac from all over the world – China, the Netherlands, Britain, Germany, Japan, Sweden, and many other countries – added to the adventure.

These people, including folks from all over the U.S., of course, had made the pilgrimage here because they are avid bird watchers. They are ‘way beyond casual birders. These folks have a handful of birds they have not yet seen on their “life list” and they make the journey here because this is where their birds are.

I'll always remember, with affection, a burly Texan who came into the center and, after viewing the whiteboard, he asked: "Do y'all have a slot for a liberal Texan to be listed?"

Jo and I often sit in the visitor center and make the visitors welcome with free coffee, while we invite them to list the birds they had seen on their visit on our whiteboard. We counted 131 species on one incredible day. These fragile creatures had all flown in from Mexico, Central and South America – some as far south as Tiera Del Fuego on the tip of Argentina. They soar north at around 6,000 feet, catching the southern trade winds. Their travels are often done at night so stars are involved in their navigation.

When they cross the Gulf of Mexico, however, they sometimes run into a cold front that pushes down from the northern U.S. and Canada. 

This massive change in the wind is like hitting a cliff and the exhausted birds falter.

Stilts stand in the shallow water in Anahuac.

They drop from the sky by the hundreds. Many of those who drop survive when they land in Anahuac. They eat, rest, sleep and then, when the front moves on, they rise up and head inland and north on their way to the central U.S. or even into the Arctic. Others are not so lucky. Last Wednesday, for example, buntings and warblers and hummingbirds hit the cold front wall. They swooped down in an attempt to avoid the “cliff” and 400 of them smashed into a 23-story building on Galveston Island, to our south. The dead birds piled up on the pavement, lured there by the lights of the tall building.

The government has to provide us with trucks, SUVs and hybrid vehicles so we can get around on our various jobs. We live in a little community of six couples in their motorhomes. 

Distances are vast. It takes us 40 minutes to drive to the Visitor Center at headquarters, where we currently are running the center. Virtually everything we do means a 25-45 minute journey. We are not permitted to use the government vehicles for our weekly grocery shopping or to drive around to see the various sights.

Robert pushes through the swamp in search of
wood duck houses in need of cleaning.

The land is billiard-table flat. There are 45,000 acres in the Refuge, much of it under cultivation by the local farmers. They lease the land for their rice crop with the proviso that they sow a second rice crop which is designated for use by the birds. Even though the fields seem utterly flat, they are not. So the farmers bring in a laser measuring device. This permits them to measure down to one inch. Once they plot that, they plough furrows in their fields, creating dams. The field are then flooded and the little dams are opened and closed to control the water so it is distributed evenly across the entire field. Then they hire a pilot and plane to load up with rice seed and that pilot sprays the fields with rice. In a matter of days, the fields have sprung to life with green shoots. At no point do you see young or old Vietnamese women stooped in the fields, stuffing the rice shoots into the flooded fields!

I should mention that we are astonished by the variety of television stations that come out of Houston, 50 miles to our west. Not only are there myriad Spanish language stations, but you can watch Chinese TV, Thai and Vietnamese TV on numerous channels.

Now, we roll on again, this time to another wildlife refuge in Long Island, New York. It'll be interesting to compare the two refuges...and maybe to meet up with the birds we saw down here in Texas.

One of the hundreds of alligators that live on Shoveler's Pond in the Anahuac Refuge.

A New Home At Last

It all started at 3:25 p.m. on Feb. 25, 2015, when the newly installed alternator created this nightmare.

Nice new place to chat with friends.

Kitchen area has lots of space...even a dishwasher (bottom left).

The killer feature is the huge (21-feet long) sliding wall on the driver's side.

The interior layout of our new rig. It's 40 feet long, just a couple of feet longer than our previous Alfa.

My heart doctor, Sharif Mehanny, came into the examining room and cheerily asked “How are you?” It was two weeks after our lives had been turned upside down by the fire that destroyed our Alfa motorhome as well as our car. He didn’t know anything about this. But when I told him, he simply said, “Okay. You’ve passed.” I looked at him with questions in my eyes. “I was planning on giving you a stress test today. But if you came through that and you’re still standing, you’ve passed the stress test and we’ll say you’re good enough for another year,” he said.

And that just about sums up the madness we have worked our way through. The rig was totally destroyed on Feb. 25. We watched helplessly as our car, attached to the rear of the rig, simply melted at the front. Then the firefighters arrived on the scene with their circular saws and went to work with a vengeance, cutting at the rear of the motorhome, carving new windows where none had existed, chopping the front of the car so they could expose the engine and gas lines.

They donned their air-breathing apparatus and climbed inside the smoke-filled rig in a desperate attempt to find and rescue our beloved cats, Ian and Fiona. They pulled out Fiona and pumped oxygen into her. Ian didn’t make it. He hid under the sofa, in his “safe place” and he could not be resuscitated.

Jo was whisked away by a fireman, Fiona in her arms, to the closest vet. The fireman took along the body of Ian. Fiona was coughing badly and there was something strange-looking with her front left foot. The vet took care of Ian’s remains and probed Fiona for torn tendons. He graciously provided his services for the cremation and office visit at no charge. And this, it should be noted, was the first act in an almost endless series of kindness and generosity we were to be touched by in the succeeding weeks.

A woman appeared at the side of the highway, offering me a bottle of water. She had come out of the Ford dealership alongside us. Even though she didn’t know me, she offered her home for the night because now, in the blink of an eye, we were officially homeless.

Friends from Honeymoon Island State Park showed up (I think I must have called them!) And our volunteer coordinator from the park, Brooke Horner, was there. She said she had a spare bedroom at her home and we were welcome to use it for a few nights.

As the story took to the airwaves, we found friends we’d never known. A teacher in Largo, just to the south, heard about our plight and offered us the use of her trailer for up to two months.

Our volunteer friends from the park, Joe and Barb, Rita and Ray, threw in their labor the next day, after we rented a van and visited where the rig had been towed. We all systematically stripped the inside of our home of personal belongings. Much of those had to be discarded as the smoke damage was so severe fabric and shoes and sewing machines and iPods and radios all were damaged beyond repair.

The book by the bedside!

One irony I discovered was the book I’d been reading beside our bed, named “Wild Fire” by Nelson DeMille, was half destroyed by the flames back there.

In the two months (minus four days) that followed this catastrophe, there were many days I didn’t think we would make it out the other side. We were heartened by how efficiently Progressive Insurance got on the job and totaled our car, making it easier to come up with a settlement. This allowed us to find and purchase a new (to us) Honda Fit that could be towed behind our next motorhome.

We had a wonderful counseling session with a pair of dear friends with whom we’d sailed through the Bahamas 14 years ago. Tracy and Tom provided very useful thinking about this being a crossroads moment that allows us to change direction and decide if we want to continue our current lifestyle.

We’d already considered that and had come to the conclusion that we are still passionate about living on the road and volunteering in the state park system of Florida. But it was a moment to consider, once again, if we should be replacing our motorhome with a boat so we could resume the journey on the water instead of the land. We decided to stay on the land, however, because there are more opportunities to volunteer.

One of the key ingredients to getting our lives back on track was the creation of a website by our eldest daughter, Lynn. She started a GoFundMe page in which she told our story. She asked me to fill out the financial forms for the site so she would not have to be responsible for transferring money from there to our bank account.

This is a look at our melted medicine cabinet.

Now we were blessed by receiving an influx of funds that grew from a trickle to a torrent. Every morning, I’d receive a text message from GoFundMe, informing me that $1,230 or $435 or $598 had been transmitted electronically to our checking account. 

This came from an almost countless series of lifelong friends, as well as friends of those friends. People we have never met donated to our fund in a supreme act of generosity. By the end of this, we had received more than $8,000 from kind and loving people.

Jo’s knitting friends (she tries to get together with them each Wednesday) cme through with checks and orders for her scrubbies.

You would think all of this kindness would provide us with a sense of well-being. But that fails to account for the troubles we were having every other day with the insurance company for the motorhome. We had astutely insured the motorhome for its agreed value, as opposed to its actual value. This means we did not have to deal with any negotiations regarding depreciation. Ah, but they made up for that by making life incredibly difficult when it came to a paragraph in the policy that allowed us $2,000 for living expenses after an accident. Who knew that living expenses would not include buying sheets and pillows so you can get a night’s sleep? Same for X-rays of the cat’s legs. They informed us they would pay for housing the cat – they’d even pay for housing a horse, they said – but they wanted to see every receipt for every visit to Taco Bell, or Dunkin Donuts or Macdonald’s. When we submitted every receipt for the final tally, the expenses were $1,993.20. And they paid for that.

When we first reported the claim, we were assigned a person to help us and I told him about all of the add-ons to our motorhome in the four years we’d owned it. None of those were covered, he said. So I said I wanted to remove those items from the rig and he said I was entitled to do that because these items were my property. Two months later, however, I am still unable to remove them because the insurance company has put seals on the doors because they have counter sued the manufacturer of the alternator that the fire inspector said was the source of the fire as well as the company that did the installation of the alternator.

To add just a final slice of stress to our lives, the insurance company wired our settlement to our bank but managed to transpose two numbers in our account so the money disappeared down some black banking hole for two weeks.

My nearby bank manager helped us locate the missing funds. But they had to be returned to the insurance company before they could retransmit them to the right account.

While this dance was continuing, Jo and I were on the lookout for a new motorhome. We have come to love the Alfa motorhome line, even though they are no longer being manufactured. We love the high ceilings, the quality woodworking, the basement air conditioning and lots of great design features. It’s also the devil we know versus the devil we don’t know when it comes to another manufacturer.

A series of nationwide searches turned up about five Alfas as far away as Oregon, Houston, TX, Tennessee, Fort Myers and Cocoa on Florida’s east coast. We talked with the dealer in Cocoa and, as luck would have it, he was still smarting from selling the rig to someone who was unable to get financing so he was motivated and agreed to drop the price by $10,000 to something we could consider.

We journeyed across the state and went over the rig with our fine tooth combs. We liked much of what we saw and gave the dealer a deposit. I then went online in an attempt to locate the original owner of the coach. I found his address in Livingston, TX, which meant he was a member of the Escapees motorhome group of which we also are members. I found his phone number on the internet and dialed him. In an incredible coincidence, he told me he currently was in the same town as us, Dunedin, FL, with his new motorhome. We chatted about the old rig and he provided outstanding insights about some issues we had not seen when we went through the motorhome. As a result, I was able to stipulate some required fixes that were quite costly to the dealer.

We awoke last week and I checked into my bank account to find our settlement money was finally nesting there, so off we went across the state to claim our new home. We’re back at Honeymoon Island State Park now for another two weeks. Then we begin our trek north to visit family. All seems well.

Living area, looking forward. We love the huge windows.

A Little Does a Lot

Fred in Rwanda

Each year at this time, Jo and I reach out to help one person who is looking to improve their lot in life. We work through Kiva, a group of people that acts as a go-between to locate and vet people all around the world who need just a little help to get their business up and running.

Up until this year, we have made it a policy to help women because of our experience around the world. The safest loan recipients seem to be women because they invariably will move heaven and earth to meet their commitment to pay back their loans. Men seem to give in to hopelessness more quickly and throw in the towel earlier.

But this year, we decided to take a chance with Fred of Nyagatare, Rwanda because, as luck would have it, we’d just watched a television program last Sunday morning which told about a new technology that has sprouted in Africa where people are able to transfer money instantly and safely by using their cellphones. And Fred is on the frontline using the technology.

Here is Fred’s story via Kiva:

Fred is an enthusiastic entrepreneur who wants to thrive by growing his business. His company is a mobile servicing company that offers mobile retail services to its clients. These services include money transfer, withdrawing and depositing. In addition to that, the company deals in airtime credits, electricity voucher selling and mobile technical support services.

Fred's business is located in rural Northeast Rwanda near the Uganda border. His regular clients are people from his village, but he also does a significant portion of his transactions from people crossing the border by bus. Being able to transfer money, even small amounts, from mobile phone to mobile phone is a revolutionary resource in rural areas. Often when people move to the city for better jobs and economic opportunities, they want to send money back to their families in the rural villages. Through Fred's business, he is creating an opportunity for people in the villages to receive money without having to take long bus rides or relying on other people to deliver cash.

Fred is doing very well in business. He is well-known in the community as a highly motivated entrepreneur and a reliable person. However, he is not meeting all his clients’ demand. With working capital of about $4,000 USD, Fred will be able to triple his business to meet the growing demand for his services.

African Entrepreneur Collective has been working with Fred for about six months, and he has continued to be motivated and inspiring. AEC previously gave Fred a small loan, which he paid off always on time. AEC is thrilled to help Fred with his growth plans, enabling him to support many more people in his community. Fred is very successful and has always fulfilled his payment obligations, and this time will not be different.

Jo and I, in the past, have given small loans to people like Yun for her retail business in Cambodia, Sokhoeun for construction in Cambodia, Bou and her group of farmers in Cambodia, Le for her tailoring business in Vietnam, as well as March for her vehicle in Cambodia. All these women have paid back 100 per cent of the loans they were given and all report their lives have improved in dramatic ways because of the loans.

What we like most is that our donation get used and reused many time over as these entrepreneurs pay it back and the money recycles so it can be re-loaned to another person.

If you like this idea, click on www.kiva.org

Fred lives in Nyagatare, Rwanda  in the northern corner of the country.